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(a ” ami} - = ee oo ~ TECHNICAL REPORT No 102-AC 1:9/15~-100 erpgenears © oS RES FER sg RTE A ‘ gir 4 306 30 UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS Project "GRUDGE" —_,. a, ’ f a . ~ a = * . bAL ces eS «CA et te , August l9i)¢ HEADQUARTERS “a! Ls AIR MATERIEL COMBAND WRIGHT - PAT TERSON AER FORCE BASE wz i ie : iy ; 29 Ts Tt. DECLASSIFIED .| ol a re ae Sec. 5.4 a 0) A Y + 0 N , 0 Ly | 0 NND FTN S3 7 cesar By svat Date 1-hb-tLes WF-(A)-O-8 JUL'49 5M Declassification Authority: NND 57565 NOTE When drawings, specifications, and other data prepared by the War Department are furnished to manufacturers and others for use in the manufacture or purchase of supplies, or for any other pur- pose, the Government assumes no responsibility nor obligation whatever ; and the furnishing of said data by the War Department is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise, or in any manner licensing the holder, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented inventions that may in any way be related thereto. The information furnished herewith is made available for study — upon the understanding that the Government’s proprietary interests in and relating thereto shall not be impaired. It is desired that the Patent & Royalties Section, Office of the Judge Advocate, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, be promptly notified of any apparent conflict between the Govern- ment's proprietary interests and those of others. Espionage Act Notice: “This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S. C., 31 and 32, as amended. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents.in any manner to an unauthorized ~~ per son is prohibited by law.” “The above Espionage Notice can be disregarded unless this document is plainly marked with a security classification as “Restricted,” “Confidential,” “Secret,” or “Top Secret.” The U.S. Government is absolved from any litigation which may ensue from the contractor’s infringing on the foreign patent rights which may be involved. Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Technical Report Thi T POA Nr = YT} I> TIAOIMA UN S$ iftees dL i RTH I DB FI, i G OB As bi PROJECT "GRU DGE" We omith 4 ray TowlLes are" Project No. XS=30i, Approved bys | fe | onel, UoAF cni&f, Technical Analvs#§ Division Intelligence Department For the Commanding Generals ye £4 tf La vA - | id ‘ Neg F Lyi) E. WAT i SG 9 Golonel, U SAF ib at Intelligence [epartment Release Tate: Au £5 t 19,9 SECRET a Lt 3—H56))2 - 3 Declassification Authority: NND 57565 SECRET SUMMARY While there are approximately 475 incidents on record, only in-= cicents Nos. 1 thru 2h); are encompassed in this report. Of the later incidents, many have not yet been investigated, few have been completely tabulated, and none have been submitted to the consulting acencies. it is certain that better over-all results will be obtained in the analy~ Sis of the later reports, as these incidents generally have been more completely investigated, Since 5 December 1915 9 a series of eee abihaen,. phenomena described as "sreen fireballs have been reported in the general vicinity of Al- buquerque, New Mexico. Dr. Lincoln La Paz, noted ROL ROT SE AS expert, has been cirectly, though unofficially, associated with the investiga= tion of these sightings and has himself observed the phenomena. Lr. La Paz states he is convinced the screen fireballs are not ordinary meteorse fnis group of incidents has little or nothing in common with other in- cidents on file with Project Sogn. therefore, these incidents are not considered in this report. he Scientific robe gs Committee was asked to investigate this matter par had acvised that an tatenaciink investigation be concucted in the field of i canastients research. Upon eliminating several additional incidents due to vagueness nd duplication, there remain 228 incidents which are considered in this report. ‘hirty of these could not be explained, because there was found to be insufficient evidence on which te base a conclusion. nsulting agencies provided plausible sclutions for 16), incidents, aldon¢ Tits the eek comments and findings: hand Ince — (172 Incidents considered) "Ye have found now ing wiich would sericusly controvert simple rational explanations of the various phenomena in terms of balloons, conventional aircraft, planets, meteors, bits of paper, optical illusions, practical jokers, psycho-= pathological reporters, and the like." Ohio State University (Dr. Hynek ~ 2))): Incidents considered) Assuming evidences of observers and investipators to be correct, Dr. Hynek concluded that 32% could be explained astronomically, 45% oula be attributed to balloons, aircraft, rockets, birds, etc., and 33% either lacked necessary evidence or a suitable explanation was not apparente When due allowance was made for inaccuracies in observing anc reporting, 53% micht be explained astrmomically. Air Yeather Service 44 Incidents considered) 12.0% apparently were weather balloons. Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Air Materiel Command Aero-Vedic al Labor tory ( Dr. Paul Me. Fitts -« SO PR ER Pe Bt RE Ce GE ET ENO BONE Oe IE yr ee 9 BO A nen pe ve em we > 14 eRe ee ee ed — ° EE em pe BE MR? 4B = De Oe SEEM ee ee Be oe 212 Incidents considered) Ene. ee ee ee ee ee es ead There are sufficient psychological explanations for the reports of i ad flying objects to provide plausible explanations for re- otherwise I feehite. Phese errors in identifying real unidentifie ports not stimuli result chiefly from inability to estimate speed, distance, SLZS e 4:4 incidents are treated in detail report. ese inc form ni peer rn in regard to area type of I IGE! that sop a ig were “see ueneed by earli e YS r 3 tel ben probably would : |. considered unusual or “paported hac been no publicity. There are inte Declassification Authority: NND 57565 SECRET, ABSTRACT Set 2 GR mee. 8 ee ee oT A Technical Intellisence Revort of unidentified flying o'| nted. of = Poe a - s +. - ind @ » Lars 4. , oroject i: ntinuous in nature, this repo Sively tre: ” — o~ 7) wy. ° © ; on reports of sightin: ly up to January 1925 Work is continuing later oS -< Declassification Authority: NND 57565 -SECREI 5 ae he Y.. \ Tt “—~; ~ i en | a were 4 4A Dd as he Fi Gs rei wa hk “—e— a o--~ >. .=—ae- 2 oe Ce ont ee. eee ~~ [Rn ~ 9 mm oO Cl CivVS1L10TN8 \. L.SeCommsn a1: & ¥ LONS >" 4 ——_" - ‘ ai y . I } $- “¢ oo S Y LA > «> iJ ety + re I {I Lift IV eal ool Sai Receipt _ Inve x4 sts ea ius Ww Ls Lh. L4 a . LANs . y LH LN fO PD Ce. Recording of Inform n r Receipt of Report of Investigation : D.. Consultant ” Discussion of Reports of ee Agencies Ae Dr Je Ae Hynek ° eg ‘ Be Ha, Air Weather Service ‘ ° C. Dr. Ge Ee Valley ‘ . ° De. Rand Corporation ; ‘ , Ke 160%) get Laboratory ; Dr. nn An ION Jf * th F. Pe Me Fitt ‘ . ; (hs. Sig tee ies eepniahtn of Commerce Weather Bureau VI Summary of Results of Consultants , = VII Summary of AMC Evaluation of Remaining Reports Relationship Between Publicity and Dates of Report IX Conclusions and Recommendations . Appendix | Air Intelligence Information Report lo. ~115-48 rt i % rt rt it mitra " . Pro ject ao) Fina) seed bobo by Prof. J. Ae Hynek vs Headquarters Air Weather Service Headguarters Air ath ar Saisie Some Considerations Affecting the Interpretation of ? a" ~ ~~ tg por ts of Unidentified Flying Objects by Dr. G. tt ft 97, from Rand Sar elo sel Pand Corn mee o 4 ‘ wo 7. be - 5 ‘Ormation on - Ome) a CE Wey R ve hy 3. Y y* 9%Ar? SuMNnAary of’ AN MAC bh V! a tr iat G "Lor Of Project Grudge SECRET Declassification Authority: NND 57565 - SECRET FOREWORD ey a eer ~~ he follow: iD the investi ts Rand 7 = ati a a. ee ae Ix fli, y } Pyne x, er contract ~ ‘ rn . 5 : ~ " J » fecember 1048 to 30 9. Contract No. AF = FF ASR Se peed? - ad aid : _ ; ff 4s & oe © Ww « -_ py , : o Corporation, 1500 Fourth Street, Mlectronics Laboratory, Cambridze Field Air Materiel Command AeroeM Bureau, U. S. Department of Co on, technical } («the ge ella Materiel Comman: ere available for SECRET ruil je atin ineering eae sation when Declassification Authority: NND 57565 SECRET i+ TNTRODUCTION a 43h AVL UL ote wt AS wea Ret Ree) OR ar tO ary ree 898 te ge ene ere rR “ : . ; : . ; : ~~ yy Te Te ede Be r Py yr oo Yar o ] i We i rf, + 7 ry srt : 7 D ah 7? _ : , ; x «3 zz AG i vv Mg o wi \ ba! td chy Vi +o Wt ‘oe & bd & A. L.hAe ob ‘ fa wally we SP i. ' de a ./ i) i. 2a i af I & 4 : Ms 4 = 4 | 7 . < | i ~ “ . on . ele th, ; cry fs Se. y > ’ yO ; 7% 7) y* <a , on y 4 ? re 5, | fe r +y% LA tsk a 2. ee eS © . wt Pim Wis Jit ; r ' , be 1A 5 JS S We \H bu 44 / J ag » Wa de Ada ™ ~ > 4% « ° . ; . . ° = identified flying objects — aa Ww ed . o re So ae ade Ws wv = 2 ~ & / J o : . “ ‘ . be | 1 * a , x lo > ° ’ 4 . 5» ye } <y ’ a ye vy? ry 4 re ' je 7 “ 7 Se ¢ * a , =* 5 es \ 4 ob sce 3 dat . » Writ ee a wt hk tn ee + — Nw ee 2 we VW oY CA te ae - > _ 4 } ? | 4 a | > “ ‘ * : rat’ e ; > ~ 4 : 7 7 a a . ~ Poa ie on ‘5 Ty . ++ 1O s a a*, A> a SRS: As eT 4 - 2 i © it > 4 é SALW A Ned Ame? oh ind ote ma ‘ed ki et > A/ tA ae? oe / 4 wv @ ei . . ~ de 4 - o-< ‘ = “_ ™ ..% : a iw atte fe hye s MAO MAN ? TC & €4 OG . 3 } + >» Hoa Stern #9 @! } : + aY* CS vw Vo 4p 2 4 42 4 4 6 A sid 4 2 4d rr % J o lhe Ss ” — 4 wots jj“ i Bw § & Mowe ** na a y ~y iy te oy (Cf hs , J i | Declassification Authority: NND 57565 7 ~~ 32 id ) v 4 7 a : % bf : , oe re ie ' “ a » -~* +4 e r Da Ca ™ mM ~ v a ta “4 “Mile } @ 4 F - J o-4 as ~ () fn ¢ rn, . 4 , * r nad t ~ 5 XQ a 7 cr. a oc- -~ = er ’ . i. | > = ° ~ cae oe] > _— 4 t ~ ~~ - 4 ! t “" - a¥ ; i } ey . ro a t ‘ : ; ores ’ me 4 r 4 ‘ ry } - a 7 ; ry v r . ¢ 5%! ms | ‘ ‘ -s He mt ™ ‘ . e ” > 7 - = ~— r = at : — 3 oo th ‘y* ? ~) oo 2 ' r : © 7 . a pout : , : . re ¢ ; ~ = . a i 7, i 2h d ~4 rc > ‘ wt 4 ‘ f } Cr a0 7 } — BY % s . | ~ ek Ls _ he. owe TY} 4 A, ‘ a ~~ 7 7 " Ld é rre ‘fe pee, v f NND 57565 Declassification Authority fr: Taf 35 UNC | RECOMMENDATIONS ‘PORE 6 wees ow ~ rr ) oe *. “hat th Ive stl: in, & 8 objects b educe current ray . - % 3 —* . ee _— = ry oa 21. £3 i : y ot Lie Pi “ CG J 3 he t es ' 4. 7 =" 7 ~ Fr ao -~ “ “ fs > 4 “ys ; ? ( ; ! tA a A . - * ue __ 1 * a “ Conclusions 1] and % j | ‘ with sufficien bes] 7 ; ; ; : : a -_ oe a : a= 4~1,, Ch : “ lata, be declassified and made public | the form of an Ate VW oases -s + gad : gion and other governmental hy ~ : 4 Se . £? : Ly - j : os be iniormea oi tne resuits : - + ways er. 4 £ be Ln a coordinate in am provide iturther recom- of material as recommended in Para. <« Declassification Authority: NND 57565 -SECRE| PACTUAL DATA ener ge Rm OA Tee Se ee I. Foreign ie ports During the summer of 1946, there were reported to have been seen in Sweden a number of mystericus aerial objects. There were as many different descriptions for the "ghost rockets", as the newspapers tagged them, as there were observers. It soon became quite common for newspapers in Sweden and in the U. &. to refer authoritatively to these objects as guided missiles with inference that they were test flights from Russia or Russian-d sisnbee areas. The "choat rockets" were usually seen in hours of darikne almost always traveling at ex- tremely hish speed; shaped like a be or projectile; bright or incan- descent blue, white ed, green, or yellow; sometimes had an associated noise; and were always seen at too great a distance to observe details By the end of the summer, 1946, an occasional report came out of Den- mark, Norway, Spain, Greece, Ir. Scdien. Portugal, and Turkey. Throushout 19,7 and 194.8, "chost rocket" reports totalled less than dozen. None have been received within the past 6 months. The reached the public through the press and the radio, they reached rovernment of the U. S$. through Military Attache reports. AP Snore obtained virtually all of their information from isuropean press an radio items. ; fhe Swedish Defense Staff conducted a comprehensive study of early incidents. Several thousand reports were thoroughly investi- M plotted, with resultant conclusions thet all evidence obtained ey <= igs wore. explicable in terms of astronomical phenomena. Since », although the Swedes themselves show little concern, they npt to play up their incidents to the United States, obviously to mphasize their request for radar (see Appendix "a"). II. Barly American Reports Py 2B SO. ei Ra AOR Ve 6 RE OST 2 PRE tS Se. lO CS The first American report of unidentified objects to recely 16 ue wide publicity and to cause some national concern was that of Kemeth Arnold of Boise, Idaho. Arnold described the objects as "“saucer-like discs” and this is evidently the pr amma of the mucheused terms "flying saucers” and "Plying discs”. his incident is Number eae in e, project files. The date of sighting is given as 2l, June 19147. ld story appeared in many newspapers throughout the country. He even wrote a series of articles about this sighting for "Fate" macazine. +}, T) periodical styles itself a "cosmic reporter” and delves into the This i supernatural and fantastic. the f<c« Within the month following Arnold's report, the number of incidents reached a peak that remained unsurpassed for any like period covered by this report. (This peak was, however, surpassed in May 1949, following an Air Force press release and a series of articles in the Saturday Evening Post concerning flying objects. A few individuals later reported having seen objects prior to the Arnold incident. SECRET t i Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Since August 19],:7 until the present, except May 1919 as noted above, the number of reports mafintained a monthly average of approximately twelve, with occasional upesurges often directly attributable to an unusual or overly publicized. report. Elie Air Force Comizance of Unidentified Aerial In September 191:7, the Air Force was forced te take cognizance of the "flying discs" because of increasing cemand ra the public for an explanation, and as a result of certain publications persisting in using a sensational approach in reporting such items; and often implying that something subversive, dangerous, and fearful was Upon US. Hq. ALC in a letter dated 23 September 19);7, requested the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, to issue a directive assipning a priority, security classification and code name for a detailed study of flying disc reports. Hq. AKC exp UaeS that their action was based on the opinian that the phenomena reported appeared to be real. Awaite- ing a specific directive, Hq. AMC collected information on flying disc incidents in order to more clearly define the nature of the phenomena. On the 22nd of December 194,7, in a memoran Curmy tAnalysis of Flying lise Reports", the Director of Intelligence, Hq. USAF, concurred with ALC recommendations and forwarded them to the Director of Research and Development, ICS/M,y Hq. USAF, for reply to the Commanding Ceneral, AiC. In a letter dated 30 [December 19147, the Director of | vesearch and Devel~ opment, I0S/M, advised the Commanding General, AC, that Air Force policy was not to igore reports of sightings and phenomena in the eacmeh aint To implement this policy, ANC was directed by Hq. USAF, to set up a pro= ject with the purpese of collecting, collating, evaluating, and distri-~ buting to interested government agencies and contractors, all informa- tion concerning sightings and phenomena in the atmosphere which might be construed to be of concern to the national security. ‘This directive assigned a priority of 2A to the project, a RESTRICTED classification and a code name of "Sign". (The code nane of "Sign" for the project was changed to "Grudge" by a 16 apeaaeive 19h3 request of the Tirector of Research and Development, mS/M. "Grudge" under the U.S. Joint Services coce word index refers to the title "fetailed Study of Flying liacs".) As a result of the directive from Hq. USAF for establishment of the special project, Hq. AlLiCO Technical Instruction No. 21.65, dated 11 February 196, was published and assigned responsibility for the project activities to the Technical Intelligence fivision, Intelligence Tepartment, Hq. AlC. Department of Air Force anc Department of Army letters directed all respective subordinate units to report directly to Air Materiel Command all information concerning unidentified flying objects. Air ee ee ice Requirements Memorandum No. l, was published 15 February 1949 at the request of Air Materiel Commanc in an effort to pbtain more cormprehe ad and accurate information. ject personnel proceeded by air to the scene interrovate witnesses. This was not P Declassification Authority: NND 57565 entirely satisfactory, due to the fact that the number of personnel avail- able was not sufficient to cover each report acequately and have time for recording and analyzing material collected. Furthermore, it was learned that project personnel could not be well enouch versed in all the techno= logical and scientific fields involved in this study to efficiently execute all phases of this worke Therefore, in September 19L6 the method of opera- tion of the project was revised. Enough experience had been gained to make it evident that a large proportion of disc reports arose from sifht- ings of unfamiliar objects and failure to recognize known objects for what they were. The course then became apparent. It has since been the endeavor to have adequate investigations of all‘reports, systematic tabu- lation of all Mmformation, and analysis of information by competent tech= nical personnel in all branches of science and engineering into which the revorted object may conceivably fall. In this way isrepresented and generally unfamiliar objects, hoax makers, and psychopathological reporters may be identified, and these reports eliminated from the study. With these out of the way, the succeecing steps would develop. In implementing the above plan, the following general procedure was established and followed: 4 Ne Receipt of Initial Reports 1. Personal letter and personal contacte 1 m : as a result of of 21 directi- 4 sst bulk of reports). 7 Be Investigation of Xeports investigated by Headquarters, Air- .d teams o roject personnel. Ce wunen a Signting involves pecially in out-of-the-way locations, local a Pon Tie ay } + sh" 4. § are requested to investigate. Tr, BE ooo P %, The largest number reports + 4. any 4 oO] . 4 "his I o * rT a~ S “am } ‘ye f »} om l. appropriate CSI vistrict, by request through 5th +e ALL investigators p cte + +4 A. Wid a ie $4 eatt on Mint de} Sad Kivine Obie 35 titled, "Guide to Investigation Unide mt flying Cbjects" to assure collection of all available, pertine: informati or ne Cuide to ine vestirvatio 4 TY Ach art | , rand FO ine Or at eormendatiLons 5 vestigation is freguently revised to Incorporate recommendations oO 4. “ L. ~ : “v at = te -}- 4 Wh % . . technical consultants to the project. a a rT ; < Reaording of Information Afte feceint of Repvort of Ine V ee ot » at nd a * — i? ra j es } ‘ v s. ‘ PS ; ’ : nvestigation, the reported sight- * « assigned a consecutive number, Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Tts location and conficuration is then plotted. Statistical graphs are brought up to date. 2. Information for locating and compar card files by witness, and on a tabular sheet for pone inent information is extractec, conc ompiled on an Incidce summary Sheet, which is similar % two pages of the Guide to Investigation. le Entire incident files are microfilmed, in order that technical consultants will nave acce l available information if desired. lata is collatec sd monthly blimp flight reports, + ” snformation on ball lightning, and other know aerial Ne me i) ¢) 1a to VS €1atur 1. ma. de io have é material malysed by initwi duals f janet icht conceivably be touched upon. ‘These ind acen s include the piseyreean 2 (only those agencies which Usa ble. Ir. Jd A. Hynek, Astronomer, Ohio State Unive was awarded a contract, effective 16 December 191),% to 30 April for the purpose of attempting to determine wnich reported ob micht be ttributed to natural celestial phenomena. Noa dccuarters Air Weather Service was requested to ree View each 1 sig se to cetermine those which may have been weather bal- $ 4% “4 . : “~~ ¥ ~ ‘ °? - ~s + -~ ” ry s “? loons by cor release anc weather data with time of sienting;, ol -} “ , - 4 ; : mr , + m } description of Dt and its maneuvers. i. G. Ee Valley, Scientific Advisory Lo: many reporters colored their reports with talk of ray, beams, and magnetic support and propulsion, Dr. Valley ¥ analyze th e incidents and decide whether this could possibly case in a ${nstance, and to provide information on this matter. 1. Rand C rporation was requested to analyze each in-= cident and prove ce any reasonable explanation that could be determined from the evidence oe n Rand ‘glse provided a ciscussion of the pos sibility of xy beings from other planets Declassification Authority: NND 57565 De 3160th Electronics Laboratory, Cambridge Nield Sta~ tion, studied all incidents by comparing evidence with research bal~ loon data, to determine which incidents may be attributed to various types of research balloons. 6. Dr. P. M. Fitts, Psychologist, AMC Aero-ledical Lab= oratory was requested to review all material relative to sightings and to provide psychological and illusory information and determine human capacity for observing and remembering minute details of range, speed, size, ete tile these analyses were being conducted, the Swedish De fense Staff 7 was contacted through our Air Attache to learn the offi- cial Swedish attitude toward the "ghost rockets". The results of these requests are contained in AA HKeports, Ho. TR-115=L5, 30 December 1918, ‘and Noe IR=l7=1)9, 2 March 1949 (listed as Appendix NAN), V. Mscussion of Reports of Consulting Ag encies A. yr. J. A. Hynek, Final Report (see Appendix "Bt), Dr. Hynek's report includes the results of a concentrated study of all files up to an including Incident No. 2lj; However, as mentioned above, Incidents 224% throuch 227 and 211 through 2lJ;, in the New Mexico area, will not be considered in this analysis. An additional seven in- cidents were excluded by Dr. fiynek as explained in his Summary on Page lL of Appendix "BY. Of the remaining 226 then treated, Dr. Hynek con- cluded that 2 4. silane bine 42% were astronomical with varying cegrees of probability. He concluded that an additional 37% were not astronom- ical but saacaied vo of other explanations, such as dirds, rockets, balloons, ordinary aircraft, etc. The remaining 302 as far as Ir. Hynek was concerned either lacked sufficient evidence or evidence offered suggested no explanation. In compiling these statistics, Dr. Hynek cautiously accepted each case at face value, without dis- counting evidence that sometimes "verged on the ludicrous" and without taking into consiceration psycholorical factors. Tr. Hynek then stated that "53¢ micht conceivably be considered (although the likelihood of their being so may be very small) as extra-terrestrial or astronomical in origin", These include "those which either are definitely astron- omical or can by suitable manipulation of the evidence be construed as such", fir Weather Service, one indorsement and one letter (see hesen dt | Air Weather Service conducted an analysis simultan- eously with Dr. Hynek using the same evidence. AWS attempted to deter= mine whether a synoptic weather balloon could have been at the location where a sichting was reported. In this investigation consideration was given to the wind cirection and speed at the surface and aloft at the scheduled time of balloon release, and the location of the nearest weather station making balloon observations. AWS used files of the first 2434 incidents. Declassification Authority: NND 57565 These include five of New Mexico fireballs and the seven incidents that duplicated others or had no information, Therefore, 221 incidents are considered here. Of these, AWS coneludedc that 31 incidents could have been synoptic balloons, four of these were incidents that Dr. Hynek could not explaine In addition, AWS determined that ten more incidents could be attributed to astronomical phenomena. A discrepancy is noted in that, of the 31 which AWS concluded were balloons, Ir. Hynek has listed six as possible meteors. In the remaining 25, A‘ and Lr. Hynek were in close agreement. NOTE: The project files contain listing of over 200 weather stations within the U.S.A. A conservative estimate of balloon releases by these stattons alone would number well over 500 per day. Ge Or. Ge E. Valley, General Study (Appendix "D'). Tr. Valley was requested to review all reports (Incident No. 1 thru 172 incl.) and provice any possible explanation. At the same time, he considered the possibility of supporting and propelling a solid object by unusual means. (It will be noted that Ir. Valley's theories along these lines very closely parallel those of J. E. Lipp, Rand Corporation, Appendix wet, ) D Rand Corporation, letter, 13 December 1915, and letter, 29 March 19,9 (Appendix "E"). Rand provided a discussion of the special design and »verformance characteristics that are believed to distinguish space ships. Rand received files on Incidents No. 1 thru No. 233 for ceneral analysis. Althoigh the final report from Rand has not yet been received, Rand reported, in a letter (Appendix "EM") based on study of the first 172 incidents, "to date, we have found nothing which would seriously controvert simple rational explanations of the various phen- omena ih terms of balloons, conventional aircraft, planets, meteors, bits of paper, optical illusions, practical jokers, psychopatholosical reporters, and the like." E. 3160th Electronics Laboratory, Cambridge Field Station (Appendix ""). The Electronics Laboratory reviewed Incidents No. 1 thru Noe 172 to determine whether any may have been sightings of special research balloons. The Laboratory showed that 15 could possibly have been their balloons. Dr. !!ynek's analysis did not conflict with any of these, and in some cases served as slight confirmation. However, of the 1%, three were thought to have been synoptic balloons. It was learned while obtaining this information, that numerous universities and laboratories are engaged in various types of research requiring the use of balloons. Even when the balloons are recovered, there is no certain way of determining their exact path. F. ir. Pe Me Fitts, Air Materiel Command Aero-Medical Lab= oratory (Appendix WG"), Dr. Pitts studied 212 incidents from a psycho- logical point of view and concluded "that there are sufficient psycho= ° logical explanations for the reports of unidentified objects to provide Declassification Authority: NND 57565 plausible explanations for reports ~ otherwise explainable." Review of ir. Fitt's report reveals that this conclusion is warranted, despite its presumptuous sound. Ir. Fitts monte’ plausible explanations in six specific reports, one agreed with AWS, four agreed with Ir. Hywmek, anc one Ir. Hynek could not explain and AWS did not mention. artment of Commerce Weather Bureau (Appen dix "H't), weather Bureau provided much information on the phen= onenon of ball lightning and lightning in generale These phenomena cannot be ruled out entirely. i: Mewereee none of the recorded incidents appear to have been lightning Vie Summarv of Results of Consultants It can be stated with cervainyy: * nat sabpric piel many different types of objects and not mitinte Sightings object or the same type objecte er It is realized that none of the explanations given constitute positive scientific proof. Such proof might be possible were frapments recovered or were camacse to property or injury to personnel sustained in any instance. On the other hand, almost every incicent has less than ject was seen, or that an obiect age or per= formed as describec. Even in those cases where more than one witness legal proof that an objje La reportec, all witnesses seldom agreed on details. In view cf the foregoing, the explanations proviced by consult~ { agencies are accepted as solutions to the respective incidents. Of the 226 incicents under consideration in this report, 30 must be disregarded for lack of workable evidence. Eight were extracted from press and radio accounts and are hardly more than rumors. In the investigation of five others, the observers were found to have possessed too vivid imapinations, were of low intelligence, or were morally questionable. It is reasonable to assume that if these thirty inci- cents hac contained sufficient information a proportionate number could be explained as were the 16), incidents that have been explained. With 194 incidents thus eliminated, there remain thirty-four which contain some evidence but have no apparent ready explanation. ihis statement is true only under the assumption that the evidence is accepted as reliable and accurate. When psychological and physio logical factors are taken into ccnsideration, all of these incicents can be explained rationally, as pointed out by Ranc ei. beay and ire Fitts of Air Materiel Command Aero=Medical Laboratory (see Appendixes No! ang "Gi ) . VII. Summary of AIC Evaluation of Temainine Renorts io be The > Sh L remainin unexnp lai ned ined dents ( see Appendix 1? a ) exhibit ted . ne } y - > ro characteristics. iwo of them, by statements of the reporters, have been mace had tlie witnesses not read of the '’t. Ranier Declassification Authority: NND 57565 | incident (Tneident No. 17). Most were distributed without pattem vhroughout the United States. A few were outsice the U. S. No two Cescriptions of appearance or performance were exactly alike. The re ported sightings occurred at various times of day and Vear. VI0T. Relationship Between Publicity and intes of Reports The following graph (Fig. 1) illustrates an apparent relation- ship between reports wiich received wide publicity and the total number of reports. It is believed this has been carried to a sufficient derree to allow the conclusion that many reports are the direct result of such publicity. fhis was further illustrated recently, when this Command re- ceived 6; reports of Sightings and 51 possible solutions following a oaturcay Evening Post article and an official press release on the sub- ject of flying objects. Virtually all of the reporters and correspon= cents made reference to one of the above mentioned articles. Declassification Authority: NND 57565 & 2 @ 39 Broken line indicates monthly reports. Vertical lines indicate incicents noted weekly reports 1st to Sth, received wide 9th to 16th, 17th to 2hjth publicity. & 25th to end of each month covered. Usp TOUT L que TOUT th » Cf JUSp TOUT ao CB oO cS : ae cr ita ie iz let \, js [ : iB By (S a {a Be age ote saad: Slee oe i, Cres Se 1947 — | 1ohg Jan May | June/July | Aug [Sept | Oct | Nov | Des Feb | Mar | Apr | May | June July | Aug | Sept Oct Nov] Dec Declassification Authority: NND 57565 a ' ‘ J] < * “~~ 4 . a ? > 7 «i oe 5 oo be ®y’ ) ‘ s Ps aos 4x. @ Lu ONC Us ails ama sity \ OMnme Naat 42£OnNnS LL OAD I I I EL OE NG LT ts te EN Se A EE TN a a Ae There 1s no evidence that objects reported upon are the result of an advanced oe foreign development; and, therefore, they constitute no dire threa at to the national seourity. In view of this, it is recommended ‘that the investircation and study of reports of unidentified flyins objects be reduced in scope. Headquarters ANC will continue to investigate reports in which realistic technical applica-~ tions are clearly indicated. NOTE: It is apparent that further or alons “irbeniggrts or would only confirm the findines pre- sented herein. 1. It is further recommended that pertinent collection directives be revised to reflect the contemplated change in policy. B. All evidence and analyses indicate that reports of un- identified flying objects are the result of; 1. Misinterpretation of various conventional objects. ae A mild form of massehysteria and war nerves. 4e Individuals who fabricate such reports to perpetrate a hoax or to seek publicity. ad Psychopathological persons. Peace ~~ w It is, therefore, recommended that Conclusions 1 and . <- of this report, with sufficient supporting data, be declassified and made public in the form of ah official press release. This action would aid in dispelling publio apprehension, often directly attribut- able to the sensationalistic reporting of many of these incidents by the press and radio. C. There are indications that the planned release of suf- ficient unusual aerial objects coupled with the release of related psychological propaganda would cause a form of mass-hysteria. Em- ployment of these methods by or against an enemy would yield similar results. In view of this, the Psychological Warfare Division end other sovernmental acencies intereste xd in psychological warfare should be informed of the results of this study. These agencies should then coordinate in and provide further recommendations for public release of material relative to unidentified flying objects as recommended herein. Declassification Authority: NND 57565 AF FORM 112—PART | / vee (CLASSIFICATION) APPROVED I JUNE 1948 COUNTRY | REPORT NO. (LEAVE BLANK) SWSDEN | IR 11548 . AIR INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION REPORT ‘SUBJECT ee Project. "SIGH" AP #341 65=1 “AREA REPORTED ON os | FROM (Agency) a x _ Sweden Rie oe See Ohi aae no US VATE OF REPORT | DATE OF INFORMATION . SS ~ | EVALUATION Sa ee 30 December 1948 29 December 1948 Red ‘PREPARED BY (Officer) SOURCE —— Donald L. Hardy, Colonel, USAF ee ee - -ee- e ee — —_— — REFERENCES (Control number, diPsetive, previous report, efc., as applicable) Source Control Woe AMC =1455 Swedish Defense Staff ——— ee ee ee ~~ _— ee ee tee ee ee — _ ‘ ae ~ SU MMARY: (E nter concise summary of report. Give significance in final one- sentence paragraph. ~ Liat inclosures at letwer left. Begin tert of report 4 on AF Fort 1! e- Part II.) 1. The Swedish Defense Staff has no proof that any unidentified flying sbiacta, missiles or vehicles have passed over or near Sweden to date. €, All reports of sightings in Sweden during the past year, irrespective of to whom they were submitted, have been funneled to a special section of the Defense Staff, where the sightings were plotted. In each case ar exhaustive interrogation of the sighter followed, somewhat along the lines of the ZEI for Project "SIGN", all evidence obtained of sirhtinvs was explicable in terms of astronomical phenomena, Je In addition, 3 ercund rader stations and 2 radar equipped destroyers coopere- ated in maintaining watch. The radar equipments wers Swedish modified British sets of fairly short range and were not operated on a 24 hour basis; however, no unexplained ' Sightings were made with this equipment. } | \ i. Gonelusion; Although the possibility exists that objects have traversed k Sweder and its adjacent waters, no proof has been citained to confirm such flight in oa: ary instance. _ COMMENT: The cooperation of the Lefense Staff in secur ing this information was undoubt- edly given in an effort to emphasise their need for additional U.S. radar equipment. The Swedish Air Board had previously negotaited with the Bendis Corporation for 20 TPS- lea sets but had beer refused an export license by our State Department. The members of the Defense Staff, to whom I talked, were eager to point out the good use to which such equipment could be put for both ourselves and the Swedes as instanced by our mutual interest in unidentifiable flying objects. However, I am convineed that our refusal to grant an export license for such equipment will do more good in implementing our nation- al policy, as expressed in the National Security Council documents NSC 26/1, than would the information we might receive from the use of such equipment here, /3/ Donald L. Hardy DORALD L. HARDY Colonel, USAF Air Attache pisiaes INCLS. Distribution by Originator CG USAFE, USFA, AA Oslo, Copenhagen, NA, SD = Stoekholm OBC ite’ S$ 6236 © ANOS! SPR +. Get KS Declassification Authority: NND 57565 APPENDIX A-1 WO Op > ere ee TE OV Ye Om e t 4 Air Intelligence Information Report No. Irell5-446 SOOO RS LS OP A EI OEE > I MI PE I POLE LO OS LG IGEN ALE LD LO A OE = A OEE AT A ee re tee Or ore te a < Ee eee Declassification Authority: NND 57565 cs en Fare ee aes __|__OAA-Sweden ae DATE OF REPORT | DATE OF INFORMATION 7 AF FORM 112—PART | APPROVED 1 JUNE 1948 COUNTRY KREPQRT NO (LEAVE BLANK) ~ as tle q Rae | AIR INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION REPORT SUBJECT Guided AREA REPORTE = ry YR a/ Vit ie FROM (Agency) Sweden | Pe RY, +? . my] ‘ “ ¥ < March 1949 = MAT C ch 19 U9 i‘ | — } SB ie PREPARED BY (Officer) | EVALUATION _ } B | SOURCE ' | Ro Be. Walsh, Major, USAF | =| Personal Contact. FERENCES (Confrol number, directive, prett ertous reDure. étc., as applica lé R 05-48, Control No. DA-2iy SUMMARY: (isnder concise summary of report. Give significance in final Begin tert o; f report on AF Form } 12-—-Part II.) to request dated 15 January rant Control No. DA~24, and : EEE information is ee a a Cable oi WS dated ; “3 r 19136 Ve sf 7 Wee Cars Was pera Foe inc ie missile was in Sweden the early part Answer; Swed official opinion prior to the landing of a V-2 in Sweden a certain number idsile sightings" were number were German _— i ~ 4 a ie “ Ww ai Lact Tremnainecd natural phenomena and a cere altitude enroute across Sweden to Norwaye “opinion even after the Vee missile landed in Assistant Air Attache Comment; The Sweden actually do not think very much about these pported incidents but attempt to play it up as much as possible to the U. S. Attaches an effort to show their frreat need for radar. Continued interest, therefore, on our art towards ie last reported I ted tstiteate, only causes extreme enbarrassment when the Swedes emphasize their radar request. L. HARDY Golonel, USAF Air At tache —_. INCLS, ef =~ * rHiS IS A TRUE COPY istribu Y) n by ricinator AA Copenhagen NA = SD “tin ee J ae S 4 w/ ' 5 M4 2 gin 3406 Stockholm NAD 9Oe | Declassification Authority: NND 57565 in final one-sentence paragraph. List inciosures at lower left. Begi TIT) ry x a ‘ rp 5 ; ; P| sab A dvds id ch» oh i Re een Declassification Authority: NND 57565 ne a? - hie TAY o ATR ; ~~ re c Padak = Tt. T7eTRN AP Te ; : BROUVUNNALSSA 1230 PAE RC iz( ~~ REP wry PI PARED ASS STE ED Ba ms ? % wt A hab” hehe hy heed STATE UNIVERSITY ae | & tho ee A Lhd he Ah PRO Sam ie i es Hiv dw 4.4% Ww 7 mr. , TUT ALR MAT TieG i Bid war ft r* 4 RY RC ee RAS Ww due * ~ wt ad Declassification Authority: NND 57565 > ” ‘5 %7 ¥ y r> Ai Pio t TX se a1 ner = ee - a ee ee ee tT =r eo : OS i i Ae HYROK Lnal Ret I eR OT Det SE Ae aetas 7 ae ee ee Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Y a. y a 7 . T5+ bee ee : : . b ewe de i] ; : + mit BAVA VAL A VULS r phenomenon was [~ ol reports, umme: 247, desoribing > 4 in the sky. triggered the volley 1 he claimed +¢ > in &@ chain-like line and * swerved in and o x t? PCSxX Ss The handling of this tunate but descriptive term "fF: L preswnadbly otherwise would have eahy unreported. ( ; pertinent, therefore, of the Z . Fa EAP ic Ame Y Mc - car 4 4- } Course, we aeal nere with it would be F . hs gif lS 9 els 7yrastnham+ta LANCLICOURCS | BS > +- ~ : Pats LLCA Y LOlie Declassification Authority: NND 57565 REPORT ON UNIDENTIFIED AERIAL AND CELESTIAL OBJECTS Declassification Authority: NND 57565 , oe Fy Le 1 7 »3},7 . sein 4 Wx “t+ af +} Arta Solely to indioate thé possible astronomical content of the reports at mand, in the primary analysis all evidence was accepted at face M4 | value, with no attempt to evaluate psycholorical factors. Free he PEAY che quently,, however, when fairly kiberal limits of tolerance were al- lowed, the report made sense physically, whereas t} statement did note (Whenever allowance was made for possible errors ariging from subjective reporting, the fact was noted.) lurther-~ more, While some of the reports verse on the ludic ous, the attie- tude deliberately adopted was to assume honesty and Sincerity on the part of the reporter. mong the general public, two attitudes J aa > : P Se > iy. eS i . ~ } - r ~+ : ’ . : toward flying saucers” seem to be prevalent: one, that all are 3 a te oa : * 7 *. < 3 % 4 i. ‘ Le : 5 " } ee u“ ¢ % « =— 4. ” dew | - - Oo¥Lously illusions, hailucinations, or hoaxes tne other, that there must be something to it. from the outset, this investigator ce has attempted to regard @ach report, insofar as is logically possible > ;~ whe es 4s an honest statement by the observer, and to adhere to neither of OL o bes r e~ yr > be ~ bd on, 4° . c t cne two schools of thought. Une further comment should be made: almost all of the data dealt with in this investigation are ext remely tenuous. Wany of the observers’ reports are incomplete and inexact, and some are distinctly contradictory. therefore, it has obviously bean impossible to reach lefinite, scientific conclusions MOST explanations are offered in . a. - a ie wh Sek te? ke © o t ~ CAa 26 dee 7? de he Be a ~ A A WA se ae cerms of probability, the degree of which is discussed in the indivi- dual reports, but can be indicated only generally in the statistics f - z gees ORs > - Y - 776 ere . 3 : - > % . “ > < : . : : = et AMA 2 ; ; . a » : : . ‘ e 4 : Declassification Authority: NND 57565 ahs Sees T > , - Se A det AA ES Ad >- ’ fo - | y ; 3 - - : 4 ‘ 7-hem Gould be explained - ¥ Ratronania J 2 ' - y . ba aw : 4. } YIAT ey i 2, : . = > s , Aad 4 y ' » he f Be 4 a VV ? e .y zee oF ; now Bri 3 f 4. Ve ov idence oor esponc in ¢ > or bolides, comets, the moone lalysis was based entirely upon With no attemot to me was not authorized deduce explanatio hypotheses which anop and cover exact! same ob ject AASOS TAX PaAo08 ha W Declassification Authority: NND 57565 is to segregate of three classes, not e ‘ : = _ es - ~ : Pas dec : sive tcnSs exces pt ion ol rrTesctions. - - 7 “~~ cts e as kh | i vw C) I +)h4 © = ands ory viii Oroauk we 0 FE LA Declassification Authority: NND 57565 hat, in particular, was gathered of the objects observed’ are excluded from all the subject report) as. a hoax, 5 are duplicates, and 3 sontain no information. In sum- mariging the findinres in the remaining 237. two systems of Fy > s J 4 fication are possible: ] > ‘ . 7 rt "4 = " les cain | ~ >» , y* atta 1 incidents can be placed in one of two those which under no stretch of the imagination can be regarded astronomical or extra-terrestrial (extra-terrestrial throughout eet ee. ee POTN St RE EE — 0 natural objects not trono! + im “AS » - OU }6Crt ri lll, or omical category; or, son- , considered (al- ‘yyy , ; . 5 tite = —_. . a te, extra-terrestr VPOMOmigs | tne OCxace a Declassification Authority: NND 57565 te a ry ae f STU ’ } 7 <*> Vv Vlebstid BRAL OLAV LO —_ Aa e “7 @ bm ct | soe J " beg vv rs Ls ¢ > am a we nv hae “ c > c2 ® “s er > >-- me oo - @ al O = | #7) ‘2 Pty ct oS ® th , wr oy ® QO ct - e* & “ ct = he Lae 2 y*, . ‘ ms 4. ~>y’) — 4 ad - the purpose of determining 0 cd characteristics; for. example, incidents were grouped asccorail yalyses of separate incidents, two brief studies were conduct S were made, hether they include any prevalent 1‘ re i Qi the date of oocurrenoe, the hour, the presenoe or lack of noise, presence or lack of trail or 6xhaust, number of observer . , P . =n — : ~ a > _ ‘be, ' ~ * < yt ~ ir L a , = - ~ Z = qualifications of observers (whether with appropriate train | ea err ys cre Z ae Bean accurate observation of aerial phenomena -~ aviators, we te a oes ~“ a. a , ’ rm , | S7Vry y } ' } . ek ~} »é 1 _ . ‘+ - . i ~* > £ 4 et oe > a BG > 5 Oy; Lé Je * r-Sacpete AE n tne s¢8: ° a&33 if a > ee = a3 —* helpful in spotting identical or similar inoidents, they Ble ay? 2 . meal? ta A o3 1 ev ed . ; P| ‘ m & 7 Ls 4 LiiA & @ : Cf . . 7. 2 =e ae , Me , | Pag * 44) Ph + ch ye » 7 ¥ * « 5s v5 t : & - 4~ h 4 r m VF +3) t om & > aS &8 MATtTSY Ol general Lnversst, vne NLI~OALY GUDL0US ~~ a a A 7 . 1 s : ee ey we - _ $* : - ? 4 ~ “ ; , > 4 : ™ . » “— «9 . at-T" ba > ahe- | | “4 = ' . cr ¢ eo Z ® 4 wf et ty L* ae | a 4 } : S \ Mic J : : He J et-% ee i oD i . ‘2 iA Lo \A a. ' c- / rev A. Ou ~~ - JF — - de = ws aa - 4 . “ Let , : > Hy eK a ¢- by 5 ) o } do vate + 3 .% aT 3 e- ii 5 J r Fae i ¢ i; é i ey : i) A ~ 1 ¢! 9 wf OV ; dis Ww : wy & WwW : Ae WH A we wd wh hele WE ew AAS . -~ - oy " - “9 : } / . a ! :} - = 2 oc LTT we <> . my? 43 “7 ‘ ’ "iea » , | bia Y* “er ; ‘ ’ A ann te £3 -") a . res : = ent se ; . : {+i a | ; : w \/ SAAA S .) Y A 44 44 WW WAT A = , — A ne ae : Ra sh Ad > -* ". & _— C Se. 4 =o eat J A. — : / y . we a " ¢ ‘ . - “_ «= , . “sy ¥ > co r > ,e 7 - ) £ : : : N6Ere SAaAMLNGC, pif WLS ha B 3.5 w haf VA OULEAL 4 MAU SS a _ , 4 rt aw Le . wz - ~~ "2£ ~A yw © | + wh atthe . nb —— . ' o ‘ = oe 2s 2 23 ~l-tan=- he re £> . s : .? Lnsoi ae} Ss 2s silhilbai co tnese recent reyporvse 4U WAS 1 OUDS, ; - cy es a > a n a, . wf “ ’ ] ° ¢ . ate Ba : = E } : > ’ OV re : ‘ ay" 2 ohey fi eier Usi i : a 4 i. Oa Ad , Lud uJ h ae - hs aad “ . | . i 7 = . on - ; ; ~~ << © . , VP . v ; » zs ¢ : i a | - = ‘ 7 a + - a ) fl ‘ ; SS ko fy i id . I a *¥ & oo ion = a" : -~ WV ah J 3 a" ea WA > )* J ‘. te sO 4 ~ * P- ’ ee ‘ > 5 + + 4 ; 1+ " T . y? $4 ’ “> oie ‘ cA .3 \V- . ade Wik - 4 rh 4 a cA” J s J | oe \ 7 I > Ww ~ > . » . ’ ty - y= oy? TT. 7 » > 2 . ~ ] . ' t ow ¥ oc)” 3 nr A. | 4 ber >» *¥ ~! 4 ® > 4 ‘J d we ? | wis ‘J 4 x a A ! wY ~ a 7 , J Ae * ’ Lz i. \A & ~ + 7 _ 4 Oa ARES ICOTOICTLN a ~% Pe ie Declassification Authority: NND 57565 = a] e eee general > = “aN b. Sak f 16 Tr 4 0: 2 di ~~ urn yele mt ‘¥ Oo] a & ed —. say ey = * ee 5 = * 0 he ” ¥ ~ j sean £ Ww a — % - £¥e a oe ‘as las 5 ~ ~~... 7... a 4 + } » a5 Yr onomical Hitch probability « eS ee prov ‘Sant Vy T,* ~ -4 = . r a ~, = >» . +- be. hair or low probability 4 astronomical but suggestive Ree St . YY aos Cner explanation 2 a SS - - se . . 1 ,\4 Ae DAsSLOOonS or COralnary alreraitv 1. 2 ' . oe ‘ ~ De Kockets, flares, or . : + > - ani . a falling bodies ry ligcelle 7 vanes— ag t{*} oie ae = Ca MILBCELLanSsOUs relisccvions, : ‘ 2 oy abe - . : . : - . auroral streamers, birds, eG.) Total ZZ hj +a 4 tak a } i re % v = + , “ o~ > ; : >> 2 a we NOnN-Aas lt Tronomnleail 5 Witn no BviGcent = 7 peony a > " explanation “5 7 ~ | - £* aera rt . a samc i~* VACK Ou GV LUG Ii ~ oOrscc wos sae explanation b. &vidence oftered sugrests no ’ 2 ua expDieanat ion a Wate. “ o} ~ r* “ > . > 2 c> ~ i - _ " se 40 COrC LDF vO tnese } Lnagangs, j Os ~ at impo oy e340 a PF Ad Wi or almos 5 Ly _ Pod = we “5 . 4 + - «4 > - ~~ . TAs : > 4 - 4 — + ~ ‘ > ‘ . ”* \ - bne cof Insoidaents 6G. remain witnout an appropriate \ Ca 4 3 tea , nam a : _ ~ . | = lem | cy ~ bn 5 + Ode ep a 6.) LA Ae LOM 4G wre § A ik o ae 5 Ol GC Oourss e tTnat ~~ - - « * » hen a _ 7 oP, ; eS a ee e 4 a : : F z vy + ok 4 > 5 - + F me nll i - Wy s i. <= + AA t i i Co =, ¥v -' ‘ i oS i i 6 ee) i pe G O oe r G C G & S x L Vv 6 rn | , eS tyr, | 2“ Yr) “bal: om - ‘eara c sth hela: ~~ | - SAN pio SX rlanati ON, &@2na a number of these we re repor Declassification Authority: NND 57565 +: : t? roy ~~ % — AlN Ld om be td YB s adv VA astronomical &- Cigh probability: Ss 4 oh { = 2. : ws ve oe : bn s Ud» OU, 66, 6Y Pe Ws 94, ’ 2 = Is , / f »\4* lis, Liv. LOG» 156, 140, 197, 203, 204, 208, 216, 4 = / t e220, 2350, 240. Noneastronomié ea te cI fe -_ paws Oo > tA ony, Vv " o ~t, > } P| f 7 Os 1} ; r) he >... + ao rm ¢ fF bet Fa) ry > C3 Me en ee 5 tp Ne }—4 + aamad ND ~ « 3 * an | = os Po (reflections, 23, 124, 128, 146, — - od : y, Sw 90 .- gc J el 2 3 ov £ 2 ' A = £ f | ry rr " a ie r, " Declassification Authority: NND 57565 > = * . a wD y cm 7 iy ; OCOVivo 2 liveayu sf such work rf . . ~ Ce J oOremo > iy , ‘ : » Va sets sri ae 4a i 4 rreT 5 } 6 aAStrono;ni >... : Ome! tO nena Lik ps Wr i. & o ¢ ®, ] > eek ho Venus and th : , v . = | iTusBiOn aNd As * fe 2 rea - > 2. al a Curate ana J a + = Ww 2k wea Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Declassification Authority: NND 57565 Declassification Authority: NND 57565 nvolve te Tis » ; . a e = — ‘ -~ “» sn1Pra, ; LS % y¥PS of 7 > we proved scientific anda h we Yr . out the interrogations and @ either that the interrogator and te nor, at least, that they work together in close hare an arrangement would aid greatly in lessening completeness and inexactness of evidence which has thus far hindered ~ . " Lh planation of matly fl Declassification Authority: NND 57565