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{ ! | x e Mount Wilson and Palomar observatories pointed out that a vehicle 100 feet (30.5 meters) in diam- eter, at an altitude of 50 miles (80.5 km), would leave a broad track on photographic plates of the sky taken with large telescopes. This track could be differentiated easily from those of ordinary astronomical objects, Such as Stars, meteors, and comets. Nevertheless, it appears that such tracks or unambiguous visual observations of classical UFO’s have never been made by pro- fessional astronomers. In the Harvard Meteor Project performedin New Mexico during the period 1954-1958, exten- Sive photographic observations were made by Super-Schmidt cameras, with a 60° fieldof view. In all, a surface of about 3,000 square miles (7,700 sq km) was observed to a height of about 50 miles (80 km) foratotalof some 3,000 hours. Visual and photographic observations were made which could detect objects almost as faintas the faintest objects visible to the naked eye. These observations by professional astronomers were made in a locale andperiod characterized by ex- tensive reports of unidentified flying objects. No unexplained objects were detected, despite the fact that rapidly moving objects were being sought in a study of meteors. Similar negative results, obtained by large numbers of astrono- mers, help to explain the general skepticism of astronomers toward flying Saucer reports. A series of puzzling and well-publicized fly- ing saucer sightings in the mid-1960’s againled to the appointment of a government investigating panel, this time under the aegis ofthe Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. It is significant that this panel was convened not at the request of the operational or intelligence arms of the Air Force, but in response to a request by the Air Force public relations office. The panel, under the chairmanship of Brian O’Brien, a member of the board, met in February 1966 and restated the general conclusions of the Robertson panel. It recommended that the Air Force make a more thoroughgoing effort to investigate selected UFO reports of particular interest, although the prob- ability of acquiring significant scientific infor- mation (other than psychological) seemed small. The O’Brien panel suggested that the Air Force establish a group of teams at various points with- in the United States in order to respond rapidly to UFO reports. Each team would consist of (1) a physical scientist familiar’ with upper atmo- spheric and astronomical phenomena, (2) a 18 clinical psychologist, and (3) a trained investi- _ gator. In October 1966 the University of Colo- rado was Selected by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to manage this program and to prepare a thorough analysis of the UFO prob- lem. The National Academy of Sciences agreed to appoint a panel to review the Colorado report. Hypotheses of Extraterrestrial Origin.-Re- peated sightings of UFO’s, andthe persistence of the Air Force andthe responsible scientific com- munity in explaining away the sightings, have suggested to some that a conspiracy exists to conceal from the public the true nature of the UFO’s. Might not at least a small fractionof the unexplained few percent of the sightings be space vehicles of intelligent extraterrestrial beings observing the earth and its inhabitants? It now seems probable that the earth is not the only inhabited planet in the universe. There is evidence that many ofthe starsinthe sky have planetary systems. Furthermore, research con- cerning the origin of life on earth suggests that the physical and chemical processes leading to the origin of life occur rapidly in the early his- tory of the majcrity of planets. From the point of view of natural selection, the advantages of intel- ligence and technical civilization are obvious, and some Scientists believe that a large number of planets withi . our Milky Way galaxy-perhaps as many aS a million-are inhabited by technical civilizations in advance of our own. Interstellar space flight is far beyond our present technical capabilities, but there seem to be no fundamental physical objections to it. It would be rash to preclude, from our present van- tage point, the possibility of its development by other civilizations. But if each of, say, a million advanced technical civilizations in our galaxy launched at random an interstellar spacecraft each year (and even for an advanced civilization, such a launching would not be a trivial under- taking), and even if all of them could reach our solar system with equal facility, our solar syS- tem would, on the average, be visited only once every 100,000 years. UFO enthusiasts have sometimes castigated the skeptic for his anthropocentrism. Actually, the assumption that earth is visited daily by in- terstellar spacecraft is far more anthropocen- tric - attaching as it does some overriding significance to our small planet. If our views on the frequency of intelligence in the galaxy are correct, there is no reason why the earth should s S3AIHOMY TWNOILWN 3HL 3JO SONIGI0H WOU Q39NGOdd3Sy